SUBJECT,VERB, COMPLEMENT AND MODIFIER

Definition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

example:

* He is a really nice guy.

* "He" is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.

* My dog attacked the burglar.

* "My dog" is the subject, controlling the verb and the rest of the sentence.

* David plays the piano

* The subject "David" performs the action of "playing the piano".

* The police interviewed all the witnesses.

* The subject the police performs the action of interviewing all the witnesses.

VERBS

Definition: Verbs are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what something or someone does.

example:

* Paul rides a bicycle.

* Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs - the action of riding a bicycle.
* We buy some books to learn English verbs.

* In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the subject "we", that is the person who performs the action of the verb is "buying some books".

The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.

 

 

The Grammatical Subject Complement in English

Although nouns and adjectives most frequently function as the subject complement of sentences, five grammatical forms can perform the grammatical function of subject complement in the English language. Both native speakers and ESL students must learn and understand the five forms that can function as the subject complement in order to speak and write English fully and correctly. The five grammatical forms that can function as the subject complement are:

1. Noun phrases

2. Adjective phrases

3. Prepositional phrases

4. Verb phrases

5. Noun clauses

Subject complements are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that follow a copular or linking verb and refer back to modify or describe the subject. Subject complements are grammatical constituents embedded in the predicate of clauses.

 

 

 

Noun Phrases as Subject Complements

The first grammatical form that can perform the grammatical function of subject complement is the noun phrase. Noun phrases are defined as phrases that consist of a noun or pronoun plus any modifiers or complements. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as subject complements:

* My favorite subject is grammar.

* The professor is an exceptionally intelligent person.

* My sister became a mother last night.

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

1.      Simple Present Tenses

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.

Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject(s) dan predicate(p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu.

Rumus:

+) Subject + to be + verb I + Main verb

+) Subject + verbI +(s/es)

Contoh :

* he is handsome (dia tampan)

* is he handsome? (apakah dia tampan?)

* he is not handsome (dia tidak tampan)

Simple Present Tense dipakai ketika:

• Kejadiannya bersifat umum, atau

• Terjadi sepanjang waktu, atau kebiasaan di masa lampau, sekarang dan masa yang akan datang, atau

• Kejadiannya tidak hanya terjadi sekarang, atau

• Bersifat kebenaran umum, yang orang lain tidak dapat menyangkal lagi akan kebenarannya.

2.      Simple Past Tense

Rumus Kalimat Positif:

subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 2

Rumus Kalimat Negatif :

subject + did + not + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1

Rumus Kalimat Tanya:

Did + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1

Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).

Kapan kita memakai Simple Past Tense?

Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau.

Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:

+) They were student last year

(mereka pelajar tahun lalu)

-) they were not student last year

(mereka bukan pelajar tahun lalu)

?) were they student last year?

(apakah mereka pelajar tahun lalu?)

3.      Simple Future Tense

Rumus:
subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I

Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?

a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang

contoh :

• Hold on. I‘ll get a pen.

b. Prediksi

Contoh:

• It will rain tomorrow.

4.      SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

Kata benda atau nomina mempunyai dua bentuk (form) kata, yaitu singular dan plural.
Singular nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda yang berjumlah tunggal atau satu, misalnya: a computer, a chair, a train, a player, a teacher, a taxi, etc. Sedangkan plural nouns digunakan untuk menunjukkan benda yang berjumlah banyak (jamak), misalnya: computers, chairs, trains, players, teachers, taxis, etc.

Singular nouns umumnya disertai determiners (a/an, this, that, the), misalnya: a river, a castle, an idea, this book, the man, etc.

Umumnya plural nouns dibentuk dengan menambah huruf -s di belakang kata benda yang akan dibuat dalam bentuk jamak, misalnya: boats, bats, houses, rivers, computer, boys, girls, etc.

Contoh pembentukan plural nouns berikut di bawah ini.

Nomina yang berakhiran -s, -ss, -ch, -sh atau –x ditambah akhiran –es.

- bus --> buses

- glass --> glasses

- dress --> dresses

- branch --> branches

- church --> churches

Nomina yang berakhiran –y, diganti dengan i kemudian ditambah –es.

- baby --> babies

- family --> families

- story --> stories

- fairy --> fairies

- puppy --> puppies

5.      PRONOUN

Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns adalah kata yang mengantikan kata benda (nouns) . beberapa kata yang digunakan dalam pronouns juga digunakan dalam Adjectives, namun berbeda fungsi dan bentuknya. Pronouns berdiri sendiri , sedangkan Adjectives membutuhkan sebuah kata benda di depannya.

 Pembagian Pronouns :

1. Personal Pronouns

2. Demonstrative Pronouns

3. Possessive Pronouns

4. Interrogative Pronouns

5. Relative Pronouns

6. Indefinite Pronouns

7. Reflexive Pronouns

8. Intensive Pronouns

9. Reciprocal Pronouns

1.  Personal Pronouns Yaitu kata ganti orang, baik orang pertama, orang kedua maupun orang ketiga. Personal Pronouns berfungsi sebagai: a. Nominative Subjective, yaitu menjadi subjek kalimat. I, we, you, they, he, she, it. I study English You are my new secretary. b. Objective, yaitu menjadi objek kalimat. Me, us, you, them, him, her, it. She brings me a cup of coffee. I make you a kite.

2. Demonstrative Pronouns (Kata Ganti Penunjuk) This, that, those, these. This is your book. Those are my pencils. Catatan: Keempat kata di atas juga dapat dijumpai dalam Demonstrative Adjectives. Perbedaan penggunaannya hanya pada penggunaan kata benda (nouns) setelah keempat kata di atas untuk Demonstrative Adjectives. This book is yours (this = adjectives) This is your book. (this = pronouns) These are your pencils. (these = pronouns)